Provide a descriiption of the efforts in ensuring credibility, dependability and trustworthiness in obtaining the results and conclusions.

Provide a descriiption of the efforts in ensuring credibility, dependability and trustworthiness in obtaining the results and conclusions.
Provide a brief descriiption of the results.

Finally, in your opinion, based on the results and discussion, are there any additional procedures that could be used in the study that would further ensure credibility, dependability and trustworthiness.

Provide 2- paragraphs and use APA format guidelines for each article

1] Bergstrom, M. (2017). “I could have had a better life:” Reflective life reviews told be late-middle-aged and older women and men with ongoing long-term alcohol problems. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 34 (1), 6 – 17.

2]Daltary, A. (2018). Intersectionality and the disparate experiences of Latinos based on the immigrant status of family members. Social Work Research, 42(3), 187 – 198.

3]Grayshield, L., Rutherford, J., Salazar, S., Mihecoby, A., Luna, L. (2015). Understanding and healing historical trauma: The perspectives of Native American elders. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37 (4), 295 – 307.

4]Van Scoyoc, A., Harrison, J.A., & Fisher, P.A. (2017). Beliefs and behaviors of pregnant women with addictions awaiting treatment initiation. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34, 65 – 79.

References
Creswell, J.W. & Poth, C.N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches, (4th ed.). Sage.

Engel, R.J. & Schutt, R.K. (2017). The practice of research in social work, (4th ed.). Sage

Resources
Data collection strategies in qualitative research rely on the use of open-ended questions to interview participants and the process of observation. Typically, when the qualitative approach involves collecting data from research subjects in the form of interviews, an interview guide is prepared in advance of the interview. The interview guide contains a small number of questions that will be used in an interview that may last for about 60 to 90 minutes. However, it is expected that more questions will be generated by the interview itself and may be used in subsequent interviews. These questions may be follow-up or clarifying questions to those initially developed as part of the interview guide. Or, because the researcher is learning of a new phenomenon or about an experience, questions are also added as he or she is learning more about the experience.

Qualitative research frequently involves observation of behavior. This may include noting non-verbal responses or behaviors of subjects during the qualitative interviews or observing behavior of subjects engaging in their daily lives. The researcher includes notes on these observations and insights in a field journal.

Although most qualitative research uses individual interviews, it is important to note that focus groups are a method to collect qualitative data. These are used frequently in evaluation research.

Sampling
Sample sizes for qualitative research tend to be smaller as compared to those typically used in quantitative research. Depending on the specific approach, sample sizes range from 8 to 25 participants. Ideally, sampling occurs to attain “saturation” of data (Fusch & Ness, 2005). Saturation occurs when new interviews do not seem to provide additional information (Engel & Schutt, 2017). The sampling designs used to obtain research subjects are non-probability. Purposive designs are used to recruit and screen subjects that fit the purpose of the research inquiry and focus. Snowball sampling techniques are useful when attempting to recruit research subjects that represent a study population that is hard to find or recruit.

Analysis
The analytic process used in qualitative research is referred to as theme or content analysis. Although the specific procedures vary by specific qualitative approach, the goal of this process is to cull salient themes that have emerged from the interviews. As with quantitative analysis, there are software programs that can assist with management and analysis of qualitative data. However, the researcher is ultimately involved in the analysis of the content and generate salient themes that have emerged from the research.

Strategies to Ensure Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness of a study refers to how well it represents as closely as possible the perspectives of research participants (Leitz & Zayas, 2010). It is comprised of credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability (Shenton, 2004). As with quantitative studies, procedures and processes may be built into the study to ensure its trustworthiness. These include such procedures as triangulation, member-checking and maintaining an audit trail- among others. The articles by Shento (2004) and Leitz & Zayas (2010) provide a comprehensive overview of strategies used in qualitative research to ensure trustworthiness.