paper guidelines:
This is a review paper
• Reference almost every sentence
• None of your own thoughts-just others
• Start paper with a fact-rather than general statement-take from paper
• Peer reviewed sources only
• APA format -for everything
• No pronouns (them, it, they) write in name in every instance
• No adjectives
• No “prove” “believe”-we support and ALL data is based on probabilities
•No question marks and no quotes!
• Examples, examples, examples
• People distort a perception? Give an example-take from paper
• Try not to be vague in comments
• Don’t repeat concepts
• If doing a disease stay on perception of person/disease – not treatment. Stay on point with this S&P course – it is not a abnormal psych class.
• “Its’ important…” its all important-no need to say it.
• Reviewing other research-not more than half a page per study/paper
• Hyp
• Methods (only most important-have to know to understand)
• Results
• Rational from their study-why did they get the results they did-not why important
• Your references-easier to put in while your writing than afterwards
topic proposal: The Role of Multisensory Integration in Animal Perception and Behavior
Comprehending the ways in which animals view and engage with their surroundings is essential to understanding their actions and means of survival. This study investigates the phenomena of multisensory integration in animals, in which data from several sensory modalities is integrated to produce a single, coherent perception. Superior colliculus and cortical areas are two brain regions that are involved in processing and integrating sensory inputs in a variety of species. This results in improved perception and more efficient responses to environmental stimuli. These brain regions are actively involved in combining information from vision, hearing, smell, and touch, which enhances the animal’s capacity to precisely navigate and interact with its surroundings, according to neuroimaging and electrophysiological research. Multisensory integration has been shown in behavioral study to enhance the accuracy and speed of an animal’s reactions, which is necessary for social interactions, predator avoidance, and hunting, among other tasks. For example, certain predators can locate prey more quickly by combining aural and visual clues, and prey animals use this combined sensory information to identify risks and avoid them. An animal’s capacity for multisensory integration develops early in life and becomes more refined with experience, which influences learning and adaptability. Creating better habitats in zoos and aquariums that meet the sensory requirements of various species and enhancing conservation methods by comprehending how animals perceive and respond to their changing surroundings are two practical uses of this research.Through investigating the workings and advantages of multisensory integration in animals, we may learn more about their behavior, provide better care for them, and support biodiversity preservation. By highlighting the crucial role that multisensory integration plays in animal perception and behavior, this paper hopes to advance our knowledge of these concepts and their potential applications to animal welfare and wildlife management.
References:
1. Gardiner, J. M., Atema, J., Hueter, R. E., & Motta, P. J. (2017). Multisensory integration and behavioral plasticity in sharks from different ecological niches. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0184247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184247
– This study investigates how different shark species integrate sensory information from vision, olfaction, and electroreception to adapt their hunting strategies in various ecological environments.
2. Stein, B. E., Stanford, T. R., & Rowland, B. A. (2009). Quantifying multisensory integration: A primer. Brain Topography, 21(3-4), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-009-0117-4
– This article provides a tutorial review on methods to quantify multisensory integration, with a focus on the superior colliculus in primates and its role in integrating sensory inputs for behavior and perception.
3. Meijer, G. T., Montijn, J. S., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Lansink, C. S. (2017). A novel behavioral paradigm to assess multisensory processing in mice. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 285, 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.001
– This research introduces a new behavioral test for assessing how mice integrate visual and auditory stimuli, revealing that multisensory integration enhances their performance compared to unisensory conditions.
4. Wallace, M. T., Meredith, M. A., & Stein, B. E. (1992). Integration of multiple sensory modalities in cat cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 69(5), 1797-1809. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1797
– This study examines how cats integrate visual and auditory inputs within both cortical and subcortical brain structures, providing insights into the neural mechanisms underlying multisensory integration.
5. Stein, B. E., & Stanford, T. R. (2008). Multisensory integration: Current issues from the perspective of the single neuron. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(4), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2331
– This article discusses the integration of multisensory information at the single neuron level, focusing on how sensory inputs are combined to influence perception and behavior, particularly in the superior colliculus.
6. Newlands, S. D., & Perachio, A. A. (2003). Central projections of the utricular and saccular nerves in the mongolian gerbil. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 457(4), 354-366. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10546
– This study explores how the brain integrates vestibular (balance-related) inputs with other sensory information in the Mongolian gerbil, highlighting the brain regions involved in maintaining balance and spatial orientation.
7. Alais, D., & Burr, D. (2004). The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration. Current Biology, 14(3), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.029
– This research explains the “ventriloquist effect,” where visual cues can influence auditory perception, and shows how this phenomenon is an example of near-optimal multisensory integration.
8. Knudsen, E. I. (1982). Auditory and visual maps of space in the optic tectum of the owl. Journal of Neuroscience, 2(9), 1177-1194. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01177.1982
– This classic study on barn owls demonstrates how they integrate auditory and visual cues to form a precise spatial map in their optic tectum, which is crucial for hunting.
9. Meredith, M. A., & Stein, B. E. (1986). Visual, auditory, and somatosensory convergence on cells in superior colliculus results in multisensory integration. Journal of Neurophysiology, 56(3), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.3.640
– This study examines how sensory inputs from different modalities converge in the superior colliculus of cats, leading to enhanced responses when multisensory stimuli are presented together.
10. Ghazanfar, A. A., & Schroeder, C. E. (2006). Is neocortex essentially multisensory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(6), 278-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.04.008
– This article discusses whether the neocortex should be considered inherently multisensory, suggesting that sensory processing is not confined to specialized areas but is integrated across different modalities throughout the brain.
