Instructions:
- formatted using the questions or a phrase that summarize the question as heading. This should be bold and centered and responses to each question under the heading. You must cite in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources within the last 5 years.
- You should respond to peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts. Must have intext citation and one reference, and 150 words.
Reply to Nalia
Endocrine Function
Diabetes Mellitus and Ethnicity Prevalence
Diabetes mellitus (DM) disproportionately affects minority groups in the United States. Despite a 13% prevalence in the overall adult population, American Indians and Alaska Natives exhibit a higher rate at 14.7%, followed by Hispanics at 12.5% and non-Hispanic Blacks at 11.7% (Haw et al., 2021). In contrast, non-Hispanic Asians and non-Hispanic Whites have lower rates at 9.2% and 7.5%, respectively (Haw et al., 2021). The signs and symptoms that indicate C.B. is exhibiting DM type 2 include elevated fasting blood sugar, high cholesterol levels, elevated thirst levels, frequent urination, unexplained weight gain, and weakness and numbness in the foot.
Bacterial Pneumonia
If C.B. develops bacterial pneumonia on her right lower lobe, there is also a chance that her glycemic levels are most likely going to rise even if she does not have diabetes. The stress response triggered by infections prompts the release of hormones such as cortisol and catecholamines, which promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, resulting in increased blood sugar levels (Sharma & Singh, 2020). The bacterial infection can also trigger the inflammatory process, which might release cytokines that can impair insulin sensitivity and, in turn, raise blood sugar levels in the patient.
Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Therapies
Pharmacological interventions for managing diabetes mellitus (DM) include metformin, an antidiabetic medication known to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose production by the liver, thereby enhancing glucose control (Foretz et al., 2019). Non-pharmacological interventions recommended encompass dietary modifications, weight management strategies, and regular physical activity (Dyer et al., 2020). These lifestyle adjustments aim to foster a healthier approach to managing her type 2 DM. Dietary changes promote a balanced, nutrient-rich diet emphasizing whole foods, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, while reducing the consumption of processed sugary foods that may exacerbate her condition. Weight management efforts aim to improve insulin sensitivity, while regular exercise facilitates weight control, enhances insulin sensitivity, and promotes overall well-being.
References
Dyer, A. H., Briggs, R., Mockler, D., Gibney, J., & Kennelly, S. P. (2020). Non-pharmacological interventions for cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(3), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcz053
Dlugasch, L. & Story, L., (2022). Applied pathophysiology for the advanced practice nurse (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Haw, J. S., Shah, M., Turbow, S., Egeolu, M., & Umpierrez, G. (2021). Diabetes complications in racial and ethnic minority populations in the USA. Current Diabetes Reports, 21, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01369-x
Foretz, M., Guigas, B., & Viollet, B. (2019). Understanding the gluco-regulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(10), 569-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0242-2
Sharma, V. K., & Singh, T. G. (2020). Chronic stress and diabetes mellitus: Interwoven pathologies. Current Diabetes Reviews, 16(6), 546-556. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666191111152248
Tai, F. W. D., & McAlindon, M. E. (2021). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Medicine, 21(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmed.2021-0039
