I need answers to peer post. They need to be in APA 7th edition in-text citations and scholarly resources and also contain supplemental links that are outside sources the peer and professor can go back to and find additional information on the topics. Again the supplemental links are not the same as the references/ scholarly resources used in the answer. These are NOT the same as your cited sources for any data you included in your discussion post from outside sources, which need to be in APA format. The supplemental links are to show that you have done some outside investigation on the topic and are sharing the two sites you found with the class so that they can also explore. Pose a question at the end of each response to your peers to keep engaging in the conversation.
Breshell
A person may develop posttraumatic stress disorder after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, series of events, or set of circumstances. The posttraumatic stress disorder is a case of classical conditioning caused by a severe trauma that is not easily cured. Extinction learning occurs when patients are repeatedly exposed to trauma-related stimuli to promote fear inhibition and tolerance. People with PTSD demonstrate more generalized fear conditioning than those without trauma. Discrimination is looking at the person with Posttraumatic stress disorder like thier beneath you. For treatment I would suggest cognitive therapy and it will help the patient to come to a more accurate and balanced interpretation of what happened.
Linda
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an intricate psychiatric disorder marked by intrusive memories, heightened arousal, and avoidance behaviors that occur after experiencing a traumatic experience. Traditional conditioning theories largely center on the acquisition of connections between neutral and unpleasant stimuli. However, its applicability to (PTSD) is apparent. Take, for example, an individual who experiences symptoms of PTSD following a vehicle accident. The auditory perception of screeching tires or the visual perception of a comparable vehicle can elicit heightened levels of anxiety or flashbacks as a result of the association established during the traumatic incident.
Moreover, the comprehension of PTSD is significantly enhanced by the examination of concepts such as generalization and discrimination. According to Brooks Holliday et al. (2020), the phenomenon of generalization arises when stimuli that have a resemblance to the initial traumatic event elicit comparable reactions, hence intensifying symptoms. Discrimination, on the other hand, entails acquiring the ability to distinguish between harmless and menacing signals, which might potentially assist in the management of symptoms. As an illustration, an individual who has experienced battle may tend to perceive loud noises as potential dangers, resulting in increased levels of anxiety in routine circumstances. Therapy may entail instructing the client to differentiate between benign and perilous sounds, thereby facilitating the relief of symptoms.
Furthermore, extinction, which involves the gradual reduction of a learned response through repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, provides valuable insights into the treatment of (PTSD). Exposure therapy, a prevalent method in the treatment of PTSD, seeks to promote extinction by systematically exposing individuals to stimuli associated with the traumatic event in a secure setting (Wong, & Lovibond, 2020). By means of frequent exposure without negative outcomes, the correlation between triggers and distress might decrease, hence facilitating the alleviation of symptoms.
Fundamentally, although classical conditioning theories offer significant conceptual frameworks for comprehending (PTSD), the ailment’s intricate characteristics necessitate comprehensive methodologies. The inclusion of ideas like generalization, discrimination, and extinction within therapeutic interventions facilitates the development of customized treatments that effectively target the many forms of (PTSD).
Class Discussion Question: What potential impact could improvements in neuroscience have on our comprehension and management of PTSD, going beyond conventional behavioral theories?
References
Brooks Holliday, S., Dubowitz, T., Haas, A., Ghosh-Dastidar, B., DeSantis, A., & Troxel, W. M. (2020). The association between discrimination and PTSD in African Americans: exploring the role of gender. Ethnicity & health, 25(5), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2018.1444150
Wong, A. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2020). Generalization of extinction of a generalization stimulus in fear learning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 125, 103535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103535
Brenda
Class and Professor,
The phobia which I chose to discuss is the fear of snakes- (I personally have this fear so I would like to expand on this). Two types of treatment strategies that have been developed to treat phobias are flooding therapy and systematic desensitization.
Flooding therapy: In the case of having a fear of snakes flooding therapy would be a treatment where you are exposed to the feared stimulus ( the snake/s) for a long period of time until the fear ( response) subsides or disappears. I think that this strategy is least appropriate. I know that if I were to be exposed for a long period of time to a snake I would NOT eventually settle down. I would full-on panic the ENTIRE time. Snakes are also known to pounce on their prey. If they are threatened in any way by you they will quickly snap and bite, thus injecting poison in your bloodstream that can kill you. Therefore you cannot take your eyes off them, nor let them get close enough where you can avoid a bite. An ethical consideration that would need to be considered is that the organism that is being conditioned, cannot leave if they are too scared, thus having a lasting stressful effect on the person.
Systematic desensitization: this is a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear( Powell, R. A., Honey, P. L., & Symbaluk, D. G. (2017). In this case, the treatment would be giving me an item, or practicing breathing techniques that will relax me, in conjunction with the added stimuli of a snake. Systematic desensitzation occurs in three steps. 1) identify fear 2) learn relaxation techniques 3) manage your fear using techniques in a situation that prokes an unwanted or undesired response. Relaxation breathing theory would be less appropriate for treating my fear because there is no amount of euphoria that will allow me to relax in a situation where I am at the highest level of stress that can be induced no matter how much of a relaxed state I have started the experiment at. Some ethical considerations would be the pace that the person is able to move through the steps of desentization. Again, if this were me, I don’t think that I’d be able to move to point that I would not inflict a health issue arising to which I can complete the task.
Powell, R. A., Honey, P. L., & Symbaluk, D. G. (2017). Introduction to learning and behavior. (5th ed.). Cengage.
Chapter 4 – Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities
Chapter 5 – Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications
Question for the class: Do you have a phobia that you do not think a therapy treatment can assist you in overcoming?
Amanda
In this week’s text, we learn about phobias and how they are both created and treated. “Unfortunately, some people who were once bitten by a dog continue to fear that dog as well as other dogs, in which case we might say that they have a “phobia” about dogs. However, if the person has never again been bitten by a dog, why is his or her fear so persistent? One reason is that people who fear dogs tend to avoid them, and to the extent that they avoid them, their fear response cannot be extinguished. As you will see in later chapters, this tendency to avoid a feared event is a major factor in the development and maintenance of a phobia, and treatment procedures for phobias are often based on preventing this avoidance response from occurring.” (Powell, Lynne Honey & Symbaluk, 2017). This accurately explains the overpowering fear that is associated with phobias.
Aquaphobia is a fear of water. Someone with Aquaphobia may have extreme anxiety when even thinking or speaking about water. An article from Cleveland Clinic states “Aquaphobia is a type of specific phobia disorder. A particular object (water) leads to a fearful response. The cause of Aquaphobia is unknown but many theories suggest that a negative personal experience as a child can create and instill a fear in childhood that grows stronger as you grow. Another theory is the theory that phobias in general are learned associations from witnessing another person drown etc. Using Exposure Therapy with this Phobia may look like, looking at pictures or videos of water, turning on fawcets and placing your hands under running water, standing next to a swimming pool, sitting in a bathtub filled with water, or stepping into a body of water.
Classical Conditioning, Exposure Therapy is a form of therapy for recovering from a phobia. “Exposure therapy often takes place over several sessions. During each session, a mental healthcare provider will gradually expose the individual to the source of their phobia over escalating phases. (Klein, Eske, 2020) One example of Exposure Therapy would be, having a patient who has a fear of balloons (Globophobia) sit in a room that is filled with balloons. The sessions could start at a very low or high time expectation depending on the extent of the fear. Typically after a few sessions, there are observations of improvement. In some cases, exposure therapy may be too aggressive and another approach will be attempted. If Exposure Therapy is not executed properly it could retraumatize the patient creating what we learned about this unit with Sensory Preconditioning and the ToolShed/Wasp association.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is another form of treatment for Phobias. With CBT a mental health care provider will work through a patient’s thought processes and patterns associated with the phobia and attempt to create a healthier and more positive way of controlling their thoughts and responses that typically happen when they are experiencing a phobic response.
Question: What is one Pro and one Con to Exposure Therapy?
O’Bryan, A. Using Classical Conditioning for treating Phobias and disorders. (July 13th, 2023) https://positivepsychology.com/classical-condition…
Klein, A., Eske, J. What to know about Aquaphobia. (July 27th, 2020) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aquaphob…
Powell, A., Lynne Honey, P., Symbaluk, D.G. Introduction to Learning and Behavior (2017, 2013) Cengage Learning.
Aquaphobia (Fear of Water): Symptoms & Treatment
People with aquaphobia have a severe fear of water. This phobic disorder can occur when you see or think about water. Aquaphobia can disrupt your quality of life.
Each response should be at least 3 paragraphs each.
