Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is a condition that arises from prolonged exposure to traumatic events, particularly in situations where individuals feel trapped or powerless. CPTSD is differentiated from PTSD by its emphasis on disturbances in self-organization, affecting identity and relational capacities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Symptoms of PTSD include emotional dysregulation, dissociation, distorted self-perception, interpersonal difficulties, and somatic symptoms, reflecting the impact of trauma on an individual’s psychological and emotional well-being (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Neurocognitive disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, can contribute to criminal behavior through various symptoms. Research shows that individuals with neurocognitive disorders may exhibit impulsivity, poor judgment, aggression, and irritability, which increase the risk of engaging in criminal activities (Miles et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2018). For example, impaired impulse control and disinhibition following traumatic brain injuries can lead to impulsive and potentially criminal behavior, as individuals may act without considering consequences or social norms (Bejenaru & Ellison, 2021).
Anna, from this week’s interactive media, presents several symptoms that can be associated with CPTSD and a neurocognitive disorder from the traumatic brain injury due to domestic violence. In addition to the brain injury, she has a history of being beaten and violently raped multiple times in her life, periods of homelessness, impulsive, high shame, cognitive deficits, alexithymia, executive function impairments, adaptive functioning impairments, sleep issues, paranoia, high anxiety, and dissociation.
The forensic psychological implications of CPTSD are significant in legal contexts. Individuals with CPTSD may exhibit complex patterns of victimization and offending, where their trauma history influences maladaptive coping strategies and interpersonal difficulties that manifest in criminal behavior (American Psychological Association, 2013). Understanding the role of trauma in shaping an individual’s behavior is crucial for assessing criminal responsibility and determining appropriate legal interventions. Forensic psychologists often evaluate how trauma-related symptoms may have affected an individual’s mental state and decision-making at the time of the offense (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Recognizing CPTSD in forensic settings helps with treatment and rehabilitation strategies. Effective interventions may involve addressing both trauma recovery and the management of the symptoms that can contribute to criminal behavior. Tailored treatment approaches can reduce the risk of re-offending by helping individuals develop adaptive coping skills and addressing underlying trauma-related issues (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (5th edition). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Links to an external site.
Bejenaru, A., & Ellison, J. M. (2021). Medicolegal implications of mild neurocognitive disorder. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 34(6), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891988720957092Links to an external site.Miles, S. R., Hammond, F. M., Neumann, D., Silva, M. A., Tang, X., Kajankova, M., Dillahunt-Aspillaga, C., & Nakase-Richardson, R. (2021). Evolution of irritability, anger, and aggression after traumatic brain injury: Identifying and predicting subgroups. Download Evolution of irritability, anger, and aggression after traumatic brain injury: Identifying and predicting subgroups. Journal of Neurotrauma, 38(13), 1827–1833. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2020.7451Links to an external site.
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