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post 1
robert gallagher posted May 13, 2024 1:23 PM
1). What are the diagnostic criteria for ASD and PTSD? ( If you were a psychologist, how would you make these diagnoses?).
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are similar but they vary in a few ways. For a diagnosis of ASD and PSTD, I would need the client to have an exposure of perceived threat, perceived death, serious injury, or sexual violation (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2016). SAMHSA (2016) also noted for me to diagnosis someone with ASD or PTSD, they would also have to either witness an event, learning about an event, or experienced repeated expose to the event. Example of this could be cases of a child witnessing his father beat his mother or a child being abused or neglected by a parent. In order to diagnose someone with ASD or PTSD the following criteria must be present in the five categories with the person experiencing at least nine symptoms: intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, threats to one’s well-being, experiences of fear or helplessness, beginning or worsening after the traumatic event occurs (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2009; SAMSHA, 2016). For example, in a child that is abused or neglected having immediate reoccurring stressful memories of the event, bad dreams, flashbacks, inability to have positive thoughts, dissociates oneself, forgetfulness, avoiding things, difficulty sleeping, being overly irritable or hypervigilant, can’t focus, and easily startled may get the child a diagnoses of ASD or PTSD (SAMHSA, 2016). ASD or PTSD should also affect the person’s ability to function and adequately regular their emotions in order to get this diagnosis (Charuvasta & Cloitre, 2009).
What are the differences? For ASD, these behaviors will only last between 3 days and 30 days which is one of the big differences between ASD and PTSD (SAMHSA, 2016). For a diagnosis of PTSD these symptoms will last longer than 30 days (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). The National Institute of Mental Health (n.d.). also notes to have a diagnosis of PTSD the following criteria must occur: At least one re-experiencing symptom, at least one avoidance symptom, at least two arousal and reactivity symptoms, and at least two cognition and mood symptoms. Another difference is the person with ASD symptoms tend to more depersonalizing things and in PTSD the person tends to be more avoidance and being hypervigilant (National Institute of Mental Health (n.d.). However, therapy and medication are often the common treatment methods for both (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.).Exposure Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) would be the best evidence-based approach in order to help someone with a ASD or PTSD diagnosis (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.)
2). What factors increase AND decrease the risk of ASD/PTSD in first responders?
There are so risk and protective factors in ASD and PTSD. Risk factors include history of exposure to traumatic events, childhood trauma, witnessing/experiencing a death, feeling homelessness, and having little support systems loss of something important, mental health issues, and substance abuse issues (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2009; National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.; Neria, Nandi, Galea, 2008; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016). This makes me think of family violence including domestic violence and child abuse. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2006) suggested that for soldiers outside of military combat, being physically abused or neglected as a child has the most risk factor of developing PSTD for soldiers. Being in the military and abused/neglected also was the highest risk factor outside of combat for divorces. For first responders PTSD is often experienced when the first responder experienced the event themselves, the event was reoccurring (like multiple people died when they were trying to rescue them, and when the incident was more likely man-made than a natural disasters (Neria, Nandi, & Galea, 2008).
Charuvastra and Cloitre (2008) noted that in many cases of PTSD the ability to have resiliency depended on individual personalities. However, Charuvastra and Cloitre (2008) suggested more importantly that social supports were the biggest factors in resiliency in both first responders and the general population. Resiliency factors are important factors that can help someone deal with ASD and PTSD. Some important resiliency factors noted by the National Institute of Mental Health (n.d)and NASEM (2006) included if someone sought out and received support from friends, family, or support groups. Other factors that increased resiliency included being ok with how one responded to the traumatic event, creating a coping strategy, and being prepared on how to respond and learn from the traumatic event (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d.).
3). How do ASD/PTSD affect functioning in individuals? How do these disorders affect communities?
I noted above how ASD and PTSD affects the functioning of people. However, to elaborate using children who witness violence in the home such as domestic violence or child abuse and neglect (CA/N), the child begins to learn that his/her ‘safe harbor’ is no longer safe (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2008). This creates a sense of trust issue as a child and even in later in life in relationships (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2008). However, Charuvastra and Cloitre (2008) noted the more support system and believed the person is, the more resilient they will become. However negative experiences with social interaction like not being believed that one was abused or neglected as a child or was a survivor of domestic violence creates negative functioning in the individual. This negative functioning affects communities as in life there are poor outcomes for trauma survivors who are not believed which creates problems in the work environment, in their adult relationship, and increases the costs of services to the community. For example, child abuse and neglect costs taxpayers an estimated $210,000 for every child what has a substantiation of child abuse and/or neglect, let along the affect child abuse and neglect has on family relationships (Fang, Brown, Florence, & Mercy, 2012).
Charuvastra A, Cloitre M. (2009). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review Psychology, 8(59), 301-28. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650.
Fang X., Brown D., Florence C, and Mercy J. (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse Neglect 36(2):156-65. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.006
National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd#:~:text=To%20be%20diagnosed%20with%20PTSD,two%20arousal%20and%20reactivity%20symptoms
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11674.
Neria Y., Nandi A., Galea S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychology Medicine. 38(4):467-80. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707001353.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519704/table/ch3.t30/
Post 2
Clay Tasler posted May 14, 2024 12:40 AM
Part 1:
According to the lecture notes from this week, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are both trauma-induced disorders. The main difference is that symptoms of ASD only last up to a month while PTSD lasts longer. Some diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-5 are either being a direct witness or a direct victim of a trauma. As well as learning that a traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend, along with having repeated exposure to details of the traumatic event.
Part 2:
From the reading this week there are a multitude of factors that increase the risk of ASD/PTSD, one of the groups that are identified as “high-risk” is first responders due to their proximity to the disaster and the hands-on role they play with the response, including handling remains and seeing the destruction done to structures that up-end someone’s life (Neria et al., 2008). One factor that increases and decreases the risks of ASD & PTSD is social support, where positive social support (depending on who is giving it) helps negate some of the negative effects of dealing with trauma, while negative social support has adverse effects and hurts a population (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2008). Another factor that can increase or decrease the risks of ASD & PTSD is exposure, where more direct exposure to a trauma puts an individual, including first responders more at risk for developing symptoms.
Part 3:
As stated above a factor that can either help or hurt symptoms associated with ASD/PTSD is social support. Individuals suffer less when there is adequate support, if they aren’t receiving the support they need this hurts the individual, which then impacts anyone close to that person as they experience the toll that ASD/PTSD can take on an individual, especially children. PTSD can lead to maltreatment and this can cause further damage to children that can impact them for the rest of their lives. The same can be said for friends and family members who are assisting someone or care about someone and see them struggling with day-to-day life due to the disorder. I interpreted this as a snowball effect that only harms a community when individuals lack the appropriate support system for themselves or their loved ones and the later it is addressed or help is sought out the worse it gets.
References:
Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual review of psychology, 59, 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychological medicine, 38(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001353
post 3
Clay Tasler posted May 14, 2024 12:40 AM
Part 1:
According to the lecture notes from this week, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder are both trauma-induced disorders. The main difference is that symptoms of ASD only last up to a month while PTSD lasts longer. Some diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-5 are either being a direct witness or a direct victim of a trauma. As well as learning that a traumatic event occurred to a close family member or friend, along with having repeated exposure to details of the traumatic event.
Part 2:
From the reading this week there are a multitude of factors that increase the risk of ASD/PTSD, one of the groups that are identified as “high-risk” is first responders due to their proximity to the disaster and the hands-on role they play with the response, including handling remains and seeing the destruction done to structures that up-end someone’s life (Neria et al., 2008). One factor that increases and decreases the risks of ASD & PTSD is social support, where positive social support (depending on who is giving it) helps negate some of the negative effects of dealing with trauma, while negative social support has adverse effects and hurts a population (Charuvastra & Cloitre, 2008). Another factor that can increase or decrease the risks of ASD & PTSD is exposure, where more direct exposure to a trauma puts an individual, including first responders more at risk for developing symptoms.
Part 3:
As stated above a factor that can either help or hurt symptoms associated with ASD/PTSD is social support. Individuals suffer less when there is adequate support, if they aren’t receiving the support they need this hurts the individual, which then impacts anyone close to that person as they experience the toll that ASD/PTSD can take on an individual, especially children. PTSD can lead to maltreatment and this can cause further damage to children that can impact them for the rest of their lives. The same can be said for friends and family members who are assisting someone or care about someone and see them struggling with day-to-day life due to the disorder. I interpreted this as a snowball effect that only harms a community when individuals lack the appropriate support system for themselves or their loved ones and the later it is addressed or help is sought out the worse it gets.
References:
Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual review of psychology, 59, 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychological medicine, 38(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001353
