So the instructions read page 67;23. to Page 78 “Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide” in the introduction to Literature Textbook. And also page 79;24 titled “Free verse” In the Introduction to Literature Textbook. Then Read four poems
-“Nothing gold Can stay” By Robert Frost. (
-“To Those Alive in the Future” By Dean Young.
-“Who said it was simple” by Audre Lorde.
-“The Love Song of Alfred J Prufrock” by TS Eliot.
After reading those, Answer these Questions;
What did you like about this poem? How did it make you feel? (Be specific or use examples, show me clearly that you’ve read and thought about the poem.)
What is the first poetic element (or literary term) you noticed in the poem? Why do you think the author chose to use it?
What is the second poetic element (or literary term) that you noticed in the poem? Why do you think the author chose to use it?
After reading the text and the poems for the week, what differences and similarities do you see between prose (stories) and poetry? (Use examples, especially if you can compare/contrast prose we’ve read to illustrate your points.)
i will link the work down
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/148652/nothing-gold-can-stay-5c095cc5ab679
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/52975/to-those-of-you-alive-in-the-future
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/42587/who-said-it-was-simple
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/44212/the-love-song-of-j-alfred-prufrock
Also i cant seem to attach The textbook so ill just put the content of the pages down here;
23. Poetry Literary Terms: A
Guide
Metre
Metre refers to the rhythmic structure of lines of verse. The
majority of English verse since Chaucer is inaccentual-syllabic
metre, which consists of alternating stressed and unstressed
syllables within a fixed total number of syllables in each line. The
metrical rhythm is thus the pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables in each line. Groups of syllables are known as metrical feet;
each line of verse is made up of a set number of feet. Thus:
Monometer: one foot per line
Dimeter: two feet per line
Trimeter: three feet per line
Tetrameter: four feet per line
Pentameter: five feet per line
Hexameter: six feet per line
Heptameter: seven feet per line
Octameter: eight feet per line
Each foot usually consists of a single stressed syllable—though
there are some important variations—therefore these patterns
correspond to the number of stressed syllables in a line; thus
tetrameter has four, pentameter five, etc.
There are two types of metrical feet in English accentual-syllabic
metre: duple metre, consisting of disyllabic (2-syllable) feet, in
which stressed syllables (x) and unstressed syllables (o) alternate in
pairs; and triple metre, consisting of trisyllabic (3-syllable) feet, in
which single stressed syllables are grouped with a pair of unstressed
syllables. Duple metre is the metre most commonly found in English
verse.
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The following metrical feet make up the most common rhythmical
patterns:
Duple metre:
Iamb (iambic foot): o x
Trochee (trochaic foot): x o
Spondee (spondaic foot): x x
Pyrrhus / dibrach (pyrrhic foot): o o
Triple metre:
Dactyl (dactylic foot): x o o
Anapaest (anapaestic foot): o o x
Amphibrach: o x o
Molossus: x x x
Note that the spondee, pyrrhus and molossus do not usually form
the basis for whole lines of verse, but are considered forms
of substitution: that is, when a foot required by the metrical pattern
being used is replaced by a different sort of foot. A frequently-
found example of substitution is the replacement of the initial iamb
in an iambic line by a trochee, e.g. (underlined syllables represent
stressed syllables):
In me thou seest the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.
—Shakespeare, Sonnet 73
(The first three lines of this quatrain are perfectly iambic; the
initial foot of the fourth line is an example of trochaic substitution,
also known as inversion.)
Other variations in metrical rhythm include acephalexis, in which
the first syllable of a line that would be expected according to the
regular metre of the line, is lacking; and catalexis, in which a line
lacks the final syllable expected by its metrical pattern. Amasculine
ending is a line that ends on a stressed syllable, while a feminine
ending is a line that ends on an unstressed syllable.
Free verse is poetry that does not conform to any regular metre.
Examples of different meters and metrical substitutions:
Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide | 69
Iambic pentameter:
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.
For he today that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition.
Shall think themselves accursed they were not here,
And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.
—Shakespeare, Henry V, IV.iii
An example of perfect iambic pentameter. Note the feminine
ending in l.1 (in iambic metre a feminine ending adds an extra
syllable to the line), and how the stresses follow the sense of the
lines.
Trochaic tetrameter:
In what distant deeps or skies
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand dare seize the fire?
—Blake, “The Tyger”
The first two lines exhibit masculine endings, and thus are
catalectic according to the regular pattern of trochaic metre; that
is, they lack their final syllable. Arguably, the second foot in l.4 could
be read as a spondaic substitution (if dare is stressed).
Spondaic substitution in iambic pentameter (l.3):
Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows,
Em prison her soft hand, and let her rave,
And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes.
—Keats, “Ode on Melancholy”
Pyrrhic substitution in iambic tetrameter (l.2):
The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
—Frost, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
Dactylic dimeter:
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Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die
—Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”
Anapaestic metre:
There was an Old Lady of Chertsey,
Who made a remarkable curtsey;
She twirled round and round,
Till she sunk underground,
Which distressed all the people of Chertsey.
—Edward Lear, “There Was an Old Lady of Chertsey”
As is common in limericks, this example includes multiple iambic
substitutions, here in the initial syllables of lines 1-3.
Amphibrach:
And now comes an act of enormous enormance!
No former performer’s performed this performance!
—Dr. Seuss, If I Ran the Circus
Molossus:
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
—Tennyson, “Break, Break, Break”
The first line is an example of a molossus; it is also an example of
epizeuxis (see below).
Stanzas
When a poem is divided into sections, each section is known as
a stanza. Stanzas usually share the same structure as the other
stanzas within the poem.
Tercet: a unit or stanza of three verse lines
Quatrain: a unit or stanza of four verse lines
Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide | 71
Quintain: a stanza of five verse lines
Sestet: a unit or stanza of six verse lines
Septet or heptastich: a stanza of seven lines
Octave: a unit or stanza of eight verse lines
Decastich: a stanza or poem of ten lines
Note that many of these terms refer to a unit of this number
of lines within a larger stanza or within a poem not divided into
stanzas (e.g. a Shakespearean sonnet, which consists of three
quatrains followed by a couplet).
Refrain: a line or lines regularly repeated throughout a poem,
traditionally at the end of each stanza. Very often found in ballads;
it was also used to great effect by Yeats (see for example ‘The
Withering of the Boughs’ or ‘The Black Tower’). Usually nowadays
printed in italic to distinguish it from the main body of the poem.
Enjambment: when the sense of a verse line runs over into the
next line with no punctuated pause. The opposite is known as an
end-stopped line. An example of enjambment in iambic pentameter:
A dungeon horrible, on all sides round
As one great furnace flamed, yet from those flames
No light, but rather darkness visible
Served only to discover sights of woe
—Milton, Paradise Lost, I
Rhyme
End rhyme: rhyme occurring on stressed syllables at the ends of
verse lines. The most common form of rhyme. Couplet: a pair of
end-rhyming verse lines, usually of the same length. E.g.:
Had we but World enough, and Time,
This coyness Lady were no crime.
We would sit down, and think which way
To walk, and pass our long Loves Day.
—Marvell, “To his Coy Mistress”
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Internal rhyme: rhyme occurring within a single verse line.
Crossed rhyme: the rhyming of one word in the middle of a verse
line with a word in the middle of the following line.
Half rhyme: also known as slant rhyme; an incomplete form of
rhyme in which final consonants match but vowel sounds do not.
E.g.:
I have heard that hysterical women say
They are sick of the palette and fiddle-bow.
Of poets that are always gay,
For everybody knows or else should know
That if nothing drastic is done
Aeroplane and Zeppelin will come out.
Pitch like King Billy bomb-balls in
Until the town lie beaten flat.
—Yeats, “Lapis Lazuli”
The first quatrain is an example of full end rhyme; the second
quatrain an example of half rhyme.
Para-rhyme: a form of half rhymel; when all the consonants of the
relevant words match, not just the final consonants. E.g.:
It seemed that out of battle I escaped
Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped
Through granites which titanic wars had groined.
Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,
Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred.
Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and stared
With piteous recognition in fixed eyes,
Lifting distressful hands, as if to bless.
And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall, –
By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.
—Wilfred Owen, “Strange Meeting”
Eye rhyme: a visual-only rhyme; i.e. when spellings match but in
pronunciation there is no rhyme, e.g. want/pant, five/give.
Double rhyme: a rhyme on two syllables, the first stressed, the
second unstressed. E.g.
I want a hero: —an uncommon want,
Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide | 73
When every year and month sends forth a new one,
Till, after cloying the gazettes with can’t,
The age discovers he is not the true one
—Byron, Don Juan, I.i
The second and fourth lines are double rhymes; the first and third
lines are examples of half rhyme/eye rhyme.
Assonance: the recurrence of similar vowel sounds in
neighbouring words where the consonants do not match. E.g.:
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name
Lenore—
Nameless here for evermore.
—Poe, “The Raven”
Consonance: the recurrence of similar consonants in
neighbouring words where the vowel sounds do not match. The
most commonly found forms of consonance, other than half rhyme
and para-rhyme, are alliteration and sibilance.
Alliteration: the repetition of initial consonants in a sequence of
neighbouring words. E.g.:
Hear the loud alarum bells—
Brazen Bells!
What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!
—Poe, “The Bells”
Sibilance: the repetition of sibilants, i.e. consonants producing a
hissing sound. E.g.:
Ships that pass in the night, and speak each other in passing;
Only a signal shown and a distant voice in the darkness
—Longfellow, Tales of a Wayside Inn
Blank verse: metrical verse that does not rhyme. Milton’s Paradise
Lost is an example; the majority of Shakespeare is also in blank
verse.
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Figurative, rhetorical, and structural devices
Metaphor: when one thing is said to be another thing, or is
described in terms normally connected to another thing, in order to
suggest a quality shared by both. E.g.:
Love, fame, ambition, avarice—’tis the same,
Each idle, and all ill, and none the worst—
For all are meteors with a different name,
And Death the sable smoke where vanishes the flame.
—Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, IV
Simile: when one thing is directly compared with another thing;
indicated by use of the words “as” or “like.” E.g.:
I wandered lonely as a cloud
—Wordsworth, “Daffodils”
Metonymy: when something is referred to by an aspect or
attribute of it, or by something associated with it. E.g.:
Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this son of York . . .
—Shakespeare, Richard III, I.i
Here “winter” and “summer” are examples of metaphor; “son of
York” is an example of metonymy, being an attribute of Richard’s
brother, Edward IV, here the person being referred to.
Synecdoche: a form of metonymy in which something is referred
to by a specific part of its whole. “All hands on deck” is an example,
in which the crew are being referred to by one specific part—their
hands. E.g.:
Take thy face hence.
—Shakespeare, Macbeth, V.iii
Personification or prosopopoeia: when inanimate objects,
animals or ideas are referred to as if they were human. Similar terms
are anthropomorphism, when human form is ascribed to something
not human, e.g., a deity; and the pathetic fallacy, when natural
phenomena are described as if they could feel as humans do.
Shelley’s ‘Invocation to Misery’ is an example.
Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide | 75
Onomatopoeia: a word that imitates the sound to which it refers.
E.g. “clang,” “crackle,” “bang,” etc.
Synaesthesia: the application of terms relating to one sense to a
different one, e.g., “a warm sound.” For example:
Odours there are . . . green as meadow grass
—Baudelaire, “Correspondences”
Oxymoron: the combination of two contradictory terms. E.g.:
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,
Still-waking sleep that is not what it is!
—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, I.i
Hendiadys: when a single idea is expressed by two nouns, used
in conjunction. E.g. “house and home” or Hamlet’s “Angels and
ministers of grace” (Hamlet, I.iv).
Anaphora: the repetition of the same word or group of words at
the beginnings of successive lines or clauses. E.g.:
Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,
Said then the lost archangel, this the seat
That we must change for heaven . . .
—Milton, Paradise Lost, I
Epistrophe: the repetition of the same word or group of words at
the ends of successive lines or clauses. E.g.:
I know thee, I have found thee, & I will not let thee go
—Blake, “America—a Prophecy”
Epizeuxis: the repetition of a word with no intervening words.
E.g., Tennyson’s “Break, break, break,” quoted above.
Polysyndeton: use of more than the required amount of
conjunctions. E.g.:
Havoc and spoil and ruin are my gain.
—Milton, Paradise Lost, II
The opposite of asyndeton, which refers to the deliberate
omission of conjunctions.
Anachronism: when an object, custom or idea is misplaced
outside of its proper historical time. A famous example is the clock
in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar.
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Apostrophe: an address to an inanimate object, abstraction, or a
dead or absent person. E.g.:
Busie old foole, unruly Sunne,
Why dost thou thus,
Through windowes, and through curtaines call on us?
—Donne, “The Sunne Rising”
Hyperbole: extreme exaggeration, not intended literally. E.g.:
Since Hero’s time hath half the world been black.
—Marlowe, Hero and Leander
Adynaton: a form of hyperbole—a figure of speech that stresses
the inexpressibility of something, usually by stating that words
cannot describe it. H. P. Lovecraft’s short story “The Unnamable” is
essentially a riff on this figure of speech, satirizing Lovecraft’s own
regular use of it in his work.
Meiosis: an intentional understatement in which something is
described as less significant than it really is. A well-known example
is found in Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio describes his death-
wound as ‘a scratch’ (III.iii).
Litotes: a form of meiosis; the affirmation of something by the
denial of its opposite, e.g. “not uncommon,” “not bad.” Erotesis
(rhetorical question): asking a question without requiring an answer,
in order to assert or deny a statement. E.g.:
What though the field be lost? All is not lost . . .
—Paradise Lost, I
In medias res: the technique of beginning a narrative in the middle
of the action, before relating preceding events at a later
point. Paradise Lost is an example (following the convention of epic
poetry).
Leitmotif: a phrase, image or situation frequently repeated
throughout a work, supporting a central theme. An example is the
personification of the mine shaft lift as a devouring creature in
Zola’s
Germinal, repeated throughout the novel. Remember! Simply being
able to identify the devices and knowing the terms is not enough.
They are only a means to an end. You must always consider: why
Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide | 77
they are being used, what effect they have, and how they affect
meaning(s).
Further reading
Baldick, C., Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008.
Preminger, A., Brogan, T. and Warnke, F. (eds), The New Princeton
Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1993.
Hollander, J., Rhyme’s Reason: A Guide to English Verse, New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
Attridge, D., Poetic Rhythm: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995.
Strand, M., The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic
Forms, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2001.
78 | Poetry Literary Terms: A Guide
24. Free Verse
Free verse refers to poetry that does not follow standard or
regularized meter (the organization of stressed and unstressed
syllables) or rhyme scheme. As opposed to more traditional poetry,
which tends to use recurring line lengths, metrical patterns, and
rhyme to unify individual lines of verse and tie them to other lines
within the same poem, free verse can, at times, seem to be random,
having no pattern or organization at all. Yet in the hands of many
poets, free verse enables a different kind of organization, as they
balance free verse’s openness, its ability to provide elements of the
poem with a different amount of emphasis, with the use of repeated
imagery or syntactic patterns (parallel organization of grammatical
elements) to maintain coherence and create a sense of connection
among lines. Even as it eschews regular meter and rhyme schemes,
free verse does, at times, draw on metrical patterns and occasional
rhyme to tie lines together. What distinguishes free verse from
other traditional forms of verse is that it only uses these elements
occasionally—for a few lines here and there in a longer poem—and
does not use them to structure the poem as a whole. A poem in
free verse, then, does not lack structure—or, in many cases, some
instances of metrical organization or rhyme—it simply does not
maintain or use a regular pattern of meter or rhyme to structure
the poem as a whole. Instead, free verse relies more on thematic,
syntactic, or semantic repetition and development to create
coherence.
Free Verse | 79
